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HCHCR (High Carbon High Chromium Steel) includes cold-work tool steels such as D2, D3, D4, D5, and D7, characterized by high carbon and chromium content. These steels, except for D3, have 1% molybdenum and are air hardened. D3 steel is oil-quenched, though smaller sections may be gas-quenched in a vacuum. As a result, tools made with D3 tend to be brittle after hardening. Among the group D steels, D2 is the most commonly used. D3 steel contains 1.5 to 2.35% carbon and 12% chromium, making it suitable for cold-work applications.
AISI D3 Cold Work Steel offers high strength, excellent hardenability, and superior wear resistance. It is ideal for complex blanking and forming tools for long production runs involving hard and abrasive materials. Applications include:
| Country | Standard | Grades |
|---|---|---|
| USA | ASTM A681 | D3 |
| Germany | DIN EN ISO 4957 | 1.2080/X210Cr12 |
| Japan | JIS G4404 | SKD1 |
Other grades available include MS, EN1A, EN8, EN24, EN31, and alloy steels like 42CrMo4, H11, H13, and D2.
| Element | C | Si | Mn | P (Max) | S (Max) | Cr | Ni | V | Cu (Max) | W |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Content (%) | 2.00-2.35 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 11.00-13.50 | 0.30 | 1.00 | 0.02 | 1.00 |
| Property | Metric | Imperial |
|---|---|---|
| Izod Impact (unnotched) | 28.0 J | 20.7 ft-lb |
| Poisson’s Ratio | 0.27-0.30 | 0.27-0.30 |
| Elastic Modulus | 190-210 GPa | 27,557-30,457 ksi |
The hardness range for HCHCR steel is 58-64 HRC, making it highly suitable for wear-resistant applications.
Heat treatment temperatures will vary based on the shape, size, and desired properties of each component. Key steps include:
| Temperature [°C] | 150 | 200 | 300 | 400 | 500 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hardness [HRc] | 64-63 | 62-61 | 60-59 | 59-58 | 56-55 |
| Property | Metric | Imperial |
|---|---|---|
| Density | 7.7 x 1000 kg/m³ | 0.278 lb/in³ |
| Melting Point | 1421°C | 2590°F |
| Property | Condition | Metric |
|---|---|---|
| Thermal Expansion Coefficient | 20-100°C | 12 x 10⁻⁶/°C |
Preheat the steel to 900-950°C, then raise the temperature to 1050-1100°C. Ensure uniform heating throughout. Final forging should not occur below 900°C to maintain integrity. D3 tool steel is relatively hard at high temperatures, so initial hammer blows must be light.
After heavy machining or grinding, stress relieving is necessary to reduce the risk of distortion during hardening. Heat to 600-650°C, soak thoroughly, and cool in air or in the furnace.
If required, annealing is carried out by heating slowly and uniformly to 900°C, soaking for 3-4 hours, and allowing the steel to cool in the furnace. A subsequent re-annealing process involves heating to 800-1040°C and soaking for 3-4 hours before cooling.
HCHCR steels should not be normalized.
HCHCR steel has a density of 7.85 g/cm³, offering durability and mechanical strength.
The machinability of HCHCR steel is approximately 45-50% of that of 1% carbon steel, making it somewhat challenging to machine but ideal for high-strength tool-making.
Welding of HCHCR steel can be complex due to its high carbon content. Proper preheating, post-weld heat treatment, and careful control.
CW-1 Physical Properties:
| Property | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Thermal Expansion | 16-17 | e-6/K |
| Thermal Conductivity | 16 | W/m·K |
| Specific Heat | 500 | J/kg·K |
| Melting Temperature | 1370-1400 | °C |
| Service Temperature | 0-500 | °C |
| Density | 8000 | kg/m³ |
| Resistivity | 0.7 | Ohm·mm²/m |
CW-1 Thermal Properties:
| Property | Value | Unit | Conditions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Thermal Conductivity | 42.7 | W/m·K | 100°C |
| Specific Heat | 477 | J/kg·K | 50-100°C |
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