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D3 cold-work tool steel is a high-carbon, high-chromium steel known for its hardness and wear resistance. Unlike other D-series steels, D3 is oil-quenched, making it somewhat brittle during hardening. It contains 1.5 to 2.35% carbon and 12% chromium, offering excellent strength and durability for demanding applications.
D3 steel is well-suited for tools requiring high strength, good hardenability, and wear resistance. Common applications include:
| Country | USA | Germany | Japan |
|---|---|---|---|
| Standard | ASTM A681 | DIN EN ISO 4957 | JIS G4404 |
| Grades | D3 | 1.2080/X210Cr12 | SKD1 |
CW-1 can be compared or used alongside other grades such as MS, EN1A, EN3B, EN8, EN8D, EN9, EN24, EN31, EN32B, EN36C, EN41B, EN43B, EN47, EN353, IS2062, 42CrMo4, HCHCR, D2, D3, H-11, H-13, OHNS, M2, M35, M42, P20, P20+S, ASTM SA-36, SAE1018, SAE4140, and more.
| Element | Content (%) |
|---|---|
| C | 2.00 – 2.35 |
| Si | 0.60 |
| Mn | 0.60 |
| P | 0.03 Max |
| S | 0.03 Max |
| Cr | 11.00 – 13.50 |
| Ni | 0.30 |
| V | 1.00 |
| Cu | 0.02 |
| W | 1.00 |
| Property | Metric | Imperial |
|---|---|---|
| Izod Impact (Unnotched) | 28.0 J | 20.7 ft-lb |
| Poisson’s Ratio | 0.27 – 0.30 | 0.27 – 0.30 |
| Elastic Modulus | 190 – 210 GPa | 27,557 – 30,457 ksi |
Heat treatment involves specific temperatures and soaking times, which depend on the shape and size of the steel component. Key considerations include furnace type, quenching medium, and transfer facilities.
For hardening, preheat the steel to 750-800°C. Raise the temperature to 950-980°C, soak thoroughly for thirty minutes per 25mm of the section, then quench or cool as required.
Double tempering is recommended. Perform the first tempering shortly after hardening while the tool is still warm. Heat to the desired temperature, soak for one hour per 25mm of thickness, and repeat for the second tempering.
Preheat to 900-950°C, then raise the temperature to 1050-1100°C and soak until uniformly heated.
Avoid forging below 900°C and ensure initial hammer blows are light. Maintain temperature above 1020°C until the metal begins to flow.
For stress relieving, heat the steel to 600-650°C, soak thoroughly, and cool either in the furnace or air. This process should follow rough machining to minimize distortion.
After normalizing, the hardness is approximately 55 HRC. This process increases hardness compared to annealing due to the formation of undissolved carbide particles, which may make the steel more brittle.
D3 is usually supplied in an annealed, machinable condition. For re-annealing, heat to 900°C, soak for three to four hours, and cool slowly in the furnace. Reheat to 800-1040°C, soak again for three to four hours, and cool to room temperature.
Welding D3 tool steel can be challenging due to the risk of cracking. If welding is necessary, follow these guidelines:
Soft Annealed D3 Steel:
Soft Annealed D3 with Hardening:
Repair Welding for Hardened and Tempered D3:
Double tempering is recommended. Perform the first tempering shortly after hardening while the tool is still warm. Heat to the desired temperature, soak for one hour per 25mm of thickness, and repeat for the second tempering.
| Temperature [°C] | Hardness [HRc] |
|---|---|
| 150 | 64-63 |
| 200 | 62-61 |
| 300 | 60-59 |
| 400 | 59-58 |
| 500 | 56-55 |
| Property | Metric | Imperial |
|---|---|---|
| Density | 7.7 x 10³ kg/m³ | 0.278 lb/in³ |
| Melting Point | 1421°C | 2590°F |
| Property | Conditions | Metric | Imperial |
|---|---|---|---|
| Thermal Expansion Coefficient | 20-100°C | 12 x 10⁻⁶/°C | – |
| Thermal Conductivity | – | – | – |
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